What is the definition of a paramagnetic material?

A paramagnetic material is characterized by the presence of unpaired electrons in its atomic or molecular structure. These unpaired electrons contribute to the material's magnetic moment, allowing it to be attracted to external magnetic fields. When exposed to a magnetic field, the spins of the unpaired electrons tend to align with the field, resulting in a net attraction to the magnetic source.

This behavior is fundamentally different from that of diamagnetic materials, which are characterized by paired electrons and are repelled by magnetic fields. The presence of unpaired electrons is what distinguishes paramagnetic substances from other types of magnetic materials, ensuring they exhibit a magnetic response when subjected to an external magnetic field.

In contrast, materials that are magnetized in the absence of an applied field are typically ferromagnetic, and those that possess no unpaired electrons are diamagnetic, which is characterized by a weak repulsion from a magnetic field. Therefore, the correct definition of a paramagnetic material aligns with its attraction to a magnetic field due to unpaired electrons.